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Networks security and segregation

1. ℹ️ Networks and devices should be managed, controlled and secured in order to protect information against unauthorized accesses. Classification and segregation of the networks and their mapping, authentication and authorization procedures, responsibilities, logging and monitoring activities should be defined. Networks should be secured using encryption. A policy should be in place.
2. Access to the backend should be performed via VPN or your own network.
   All network ports should be blocked on backend firewalls, only allowing the specific traffic required for the service.
3. The application should use its own secure certificates, or certificates that are signed by a trust-verified certification authority. The Communication security policy should be created.

‍User endpoint devices

1. A specific policy should establish the security measures to be applied to end user devices, such as protection against malware, access control, storage and communication encryption, physical protection, backups, remote erase, etc. The user should be aware of security requirements and procedures.
2. All communications between the endpoint and backend encrypted should use at least TLS 1.2. In case of data transfering, data should be encrypted when in transit.
   HTTPS should be used on all endpoints and for data transfers.

Change management

1. Change management refers to the process of managing and controlling changes to information systems, applications, and infrastructure. This includes changes to hardware, software, and network configurations. All these changes should be properly documented.
2. A formal process should be in place to evaluate, authorize and monitor new systems or changes to existing ones. Communication to interested parties and proper testing should be done. Plan of evaluation, deployment, emergency and contingency operation should be in place.

Secure development lifecycle

1. The software development life cycle (SDLC) should be documented from inception to production and periodically updated. All tools used in the development should be checked against the CVE list.Access to software development tools should be ensured only using strong passwords. These passwords should be regularly changed.
   An accurate change log for all software updates should be created. The Secure application development policy should be created.
   
   

Separation of development, test and production environments

ℹ️ Development, test, stage and production environments should be separated. In the development, test and stage environment no real data should be used for tests.

Secure coding

ℹ️ Code development should follow approved guidelines or best practices (e.g. OWASP, ISO). Code should be checked for normal and exceptional errors. All developer code should be removed from the application prior to release.

Security testing in development and acceptance

ℹ️ Any application must be thoroughly tested, simulating realistic use and automating tests where possible. Code should be regularly reviewed for bugs.
Automated unit tests should run on the code with >75% code coverage.
A formal acceptance process for the application should be in place.

Secure system architecture and engineering principles

ℹ️The organization should consider the use of principles of “data security by design” and “privacy by design” when designing an application and its supporting backend. The organization should take care that these principles are applied to outsourced development and suppliers. The application of these principles should be regularly reviewed.

Application session management

ℹ️ The application should rely on secure session management, as session tokens randomly generated with sufficient entropy. Session tokens should be signed using a secure algorithm. Sessions should terminate after the user logs out, or after a period of time of inactivity.

Application security requirements

ℹ️ The application should provide protection to information managed, as a secure authentication method, encryption of data in transit and at a rest. use of digital certificates released by a trusted authority. These topics should be considered since the development or the acquisition process start. VA/PT should be performed following best practices (e.g. OWASP testing guidelines) and documented in a periodic report.

Application release

ℹ️ The application should only run on current OS versions that are still supported by the manufacturer. Users should be informed whenever a new version of the application is released. The application should be released only after a phase of test and acceptance, using a set of criteria decided by the organization, keeping in consideration the security of the information.

Medical devices

ℹ️ Medical devices involved in the project must meet additional security controls. This means ensuring you know exactly which components and libraries you use, ensuring communication with any medical device is secure, ensuring you have suitable CE certification, etc.

Privileged access rights

ℹ️ Superuser, root, privileged or admin should be limited, listed and periodically reviewed. Role escalation should be prevented on all servers and computers.

Session authentication

ℹ️ Authentication should be enforced for all non-public data. Single-Sign-On mechanisms should be excluded. All authentication data should be stored in a secure way (e.g. stored in an encrypted database). Login flows should be tested, ensuring authentication and authorisation are done correctly.

Secure authentication

ℹ️ Authentication should be enforced for all non-public data. Single-Sign-On mechanisms should be excluded. All authentication data should be stored in a secure way (e.g. stored in an encrypted database). Multi Factor authentication should be used for first logins, password resets and logins from new devices when accessing systems with personal and sensitive data.

Use of cryptography

ℹ️ All personal data should be encrypted using state-of-the-art encryption techniques and strong keys. Special category data should be encrypted using the strongest encryption possible. Cryptography should be used when data is transferred.

Minimisation objectives

ℹ️ Data minimisation should be enforced in the application and only allow strictly necessary data to be collected and displayed.

Accuracy and quality

ℹ️ Any changes or updates to data must be propagated throughout the system. Systems should be put in place to ensure integrity of data.

Data separation

ℹ️ Sensitive and identifying data should be separated and stored separately in different systems (data segregation). The two sets of data should be associated with randomly-generated pseudonyms with high levels of entropy.

‍Data deletion

ℹ️ All personal data should be automatically deleted, after a defined period of time or when no legal basis authorizes the organization to keep this data. Backups should expire after a certain period of time.

Data retention

ℹ️ It should be defined the maximum storage time for any data present in the live database and backups.

‍Data masking, pseudonymisation, anonymisation

ℹ️ When the protection of personal data is a must, the organization should hide the data using techniques like data making, pseudonymization or anonymization.
Data masking includes: encryption, variation of some data (e.g., numbers and dates), replacing values with hashes, etc. Pseudonymization is the process of removing personal identifiers from data and replacing those identifiers with placeholder values. Where possible, all personal data should be completely de-identified (anonymized); this is a process of removing personal identifiers, both direct and indirect, that may lead to an individual being identified. Data that can no longer be associated with an individual is not covered by GDPR. Sometimes, companies create a mechanism for storing summary usage data by anonymising it.‍

Information backup

ℹ️ Backups should be taken regularly and automatically on all computers and servers that process personal data. Backups should be stored in an encrypted, secure format. Ideally, backups should be stored in a different physical location. Backups of all authentication data and all encryption keys should be encrypted. Backups should be regularly tested through restore tests.
Backups should be encrypted before being transferred. Backup integrity should be checked. The Backup management policy should be created. The maximum storage time for any data present in backups should be defined.

Logging

ℹ️ Logging should be enabled on all servers, backend systems and data transactions used by the project. Logs should be collected in a central system. The access to the logging system should be limited to the authorized personnel only. Log integrity should be verified.

Clock synchronisation

ℹ️ All the systems managing data, personal and sensitive information should have their clock aligned via NTP or PTP with a national atomic clock or the GPS system, to have the same date and time to generate precise logs.

Monitoring activities

ℹ️ Logs should be periodically reviewed to detect anomalous behaviors. All privileged accounts should be logged. Logs should be protected against tampering or editing. No personal data should be stored in logs. Logs should track all accesses to the application's backend and all data operations. Logs should be retained at least 6 months (ideally longer). A Logging and Monitoring policy should be created.

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